Matter and Properties of Matter One Shot Notes and MCQs
Matter and Properties of Matter One Shot Notes
1. States of Matter
Matter exists in three main states:
- Solid: Fixed shape and volume, molecules closely packed.
- Liquid: Fixed volume but no fixed shape, molecules less tightly packed.
- Gas: Neither fixed shape nor volume, molecules are far apart.
Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensates are other exotic states but are less relevant to pharmaceuticals.
2. Change in State of Matter
- Fusion: Solid to liquid (melting).
- Freezing: Liquid to solid.
- Vaporization: Liquid to gas (boiling or evaporation).
- Condensation: Gas to liquid.
- Sublimation: Direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state (e.g., camphor).
- Deposition: Gas to solid without becoming liquid.
3. Latent Heats
Latent heat refers to the energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature:
- Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat needed to convert a solid into a liquid.
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: Heat required to convert a liquid into vapor.
4. Vapor Pressure
- Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form.
- Higher temperatures increase vapor pressure.
- Pharmaceuticals use this concept to design inhalers and aerosols (e.g., metered-dose inhalers).
5. Sublimation and Critical Point
- Sublimation: The transition of a substance from solid to gas (e.g., dry ice).
- Critical Point: The temperature and pressure above which a substance exists only as a supercritical fluid (neither distinct liquid nor gas). It is used in supercritical fluid extraction for drug preparation.
6. Eutectic Mixtures
- A eutectic mixture is a homogeneous mixture of substances that melts at a lower temperature than the melting points of individual components.
- In pharmaceuticals, eutectic mixtures help in improving drug solubility and bioavailability (e.g., menthol and camphor mixture).
7. Gases and Aerosols in Inhalers
- Gases: Used in the formulation of inhalers for respiratory conditions like asthma.
- Aerosols: These are liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas and are used in metered-dose inhalers. Aerosol delivery ensures fast drug action by targeting the lungs directly.
8. Relative Humidity
- Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount it can hold at a given temperature.
- Maintaining RH is essential in pharmaceutical manufacturing to avoid moisture-sensitive drug degradation.
9. Liquids: Complexes, Liquid Crystals, and Glassy State
- Complexes:
- Complexes are formed when a ligand binds to a metal ion or a molecule.
- Example: Cyclodextrins form complexes with drugs to improve solubility.
- Liquid Crystals:
- These substances have properties between those of liquids and solids.
- Example: Cholesteric liquid crystals used in thermographic applications and drug delivery systems.
- Glassy State:
- It refers to an amorphous solid with disordered molecular structure but solid-like mechanical properties.
- Glassy materials are important in the stabilization of drugs and in lyophilization (freeze-drying).
10. Solids: Crystalline, Amorphous, and Polymorphism
- Crystalline Solids:
- Have an ordered structure with repeating patterns (e.g., sodium chloride).
- Crystalline drugs exhibit higher melting points and stability.
- Amorphous Solids:
- Lack a long-range order and have random molecular arrangements (e.g., glass).
- Amorphous forms have better solubility but are less stable than crystalline forms.
- Polymorphism:
- It refers to the existence of a compound in more than one crystalline form.
- Polymorphism can affect the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of drugs.
- Example: Ritonavir—its polymorph formation affected drug efficacy and required reformulation.
MCQs on Matter and Properties of Matter
Q1. What does surface tension primarily indicate?
a) Strength of adhesive force
b) Strength of cohesive force
c) Density of the liquid
d) Capillarity of liquid
Answer: b) Strength of cohesive force
Q2. Which method can be used to determine both surface tension and interfacial tension?
a) Capillary rise method
b) DuNouy tensiometer
c) Ostwald viscometer
d) Pycnometer method
Answer: b) DuNouy tensiometer
Q3. What happens to surface tension as temperature increases?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Increases exponentially
Answer: b) Decreases
Q4. Which phenomenon is an example of surface tension?
a) Formation of micelles
b) Shape of mercury drop on a flat surface
c) Osmotic pressure in solutions
d) Dissolution of a solid
Answer: b) Shape of mercury drop on a flat surface
Q5. Adsorption at a surface is influenced by which of the following factors?
a) Molecular size
b) Temperature
c) pH
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Q6. Which adsorption model assumes monolayer coverage on the adsorbent surface?
a) BET Isotherm
b) Freundlich Isotherm
c) Langmuir Isotherm
d) Partition coefficient model
Answer: c) Langmuir Isotherm
Q7. Adsorption of ions onto a charged surface is known as:
a) Physical adsorption
b) Exchange adsorption
c) Chemical adsorption
d) Gas-liquid adsorption
Answer: b) Exchange adsorption
Q8. What is the relationship between adsorption and solubility, according to Lundelius’ rule?
a) Adsorption increases with solubility
b) Adsorption decreases with solubility
c) Adsorption is independent of solubility
d) Adsorption is higher at intermediate solubility
Answer: b) Adsorption decreases with solubility
Q9. The HLB value of a surfactant provides information about:
a) Its molecular weight
b) Its solubility in water or oil
c) Its boiling point
d) Its pH value
Answer: b) Its solubility in water or oil
Q10. Which surfactant system is used when an HLB value of 13-16 is required?
a) Detergents
b) Wetting agents
c) Antifoaming agents
d) Emulsifiers
Answer: a) Detergents
Q11. What is the required HLB value for emulsifiers used in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions?
a) 3-6
b) 7-9
c) 8-18
d) 1-4
Answer: c) 8-18
Q12. What will be the HLB of a mixture containing 40% Span 60 (HLB = 4.7) and 60% Tween 60 (HLB = 14.9)?
a) 8.5
b) 9.6
c) 10.8
d) 12.4
Answer: c) 10.8
Q13. Which test is used to measure the efficiency of a wetting agent?
a) Draves test
b) Freundlich isotherm test
c) Ostwald test
d) Langmuir adsorption test
Answer: a) Draves test
Q14. The contact angle between a liquid droplet and the surface over which it spreads indicates:
a) Molecular weight of the liquid
b) Viscosity of the liquid
c) Degree of wetting
d) Density of the surface
Answer: c) Degree of wetting
Q15. A contact angle of 0° means:
a) Partial wetting
b) No wetting
c) Complete wetting
d) Insignificant wetting
Answer: c) Complete wetting
Q16. What is the function of a surfactant in pharmaceutical formulations?
a) Increasing interfacial tension
b) Decreasing interfacial tension
c) Increasing viscosity
d) Reducing solubility
Answer: b) Decreasing interfacial tension
Q17. Which of the following is a cationic surfactant?
a) Sodium lauryl sulfate
b) Cetrimide
c) Span 80
d) Tween 80
Answer: b) Cetrimide
Q18. Which surfactant has the highest HLB value?
a) Span 80
b) Tween 20
c) Sodium lauryl sulfate
d) Oleic acid
Answer: c) Sodium lauryl sulfate
Q19. What is the critical micelle concentration (CMC)?
a) The minimum concentration required for solubilization
b) The concentration at which surfactants begin to aggregate into micelles
c) The concentration where a surfactant’s solubility is highest
d) The concentration where micelles disintegrate
Answer: b) The concentration at which surfactants begin to aggregate into micelles
Q20. What is the effect of adding electrolytes to the solution of ionic surfactants?
a) Increases the CMC
b) Reduces the CMC
c) No effect on CMC
d) Decomposes the micelles
Answer: b) Reduces the CMC
Q21. Which factor affects the CMC of a surfactant?
a) Temperature
b) Chain length of the hydrophobic group
c) Presence of electrolytes
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Q22. Which surfactant type forms micelles that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs?
a) Anionic
b) Non-ionic
c) Zwitterionic
d) All types can form micelles
Answer: d) All types can form micelles
Q23. Which type of emulsion is stabilized by surfactants with a high HLB value?
a) Water-in-oil (W/O)
b) Oil-in-water (O/W)
c) Multiple emulsion
d) Microemulsion
Answer: b) Oil-in-water (O/W)
Q24. What is creaming in emulsions?
a) Permanent separation of phases
b) Temporary phase separation where the dispersed phase rises to the top
c) The process of emulsifier degradation
d) Formation of floccules
Answer: b) Temporary phase separation where the dispersed phase rises to the top
Q25. Which test determines the type of emulsion?
a) Drop dilution test
b) Dye solubility test
c) Conductivity test
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Q26. Microemulsions are thermodynamically:
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Viscous
d) Indifferent to temperature changes
Answer: a) Stable
Q27. Which class of surfactants is typically used as an antifoaming agent?
a) Anionic surfactants
b) Non-ionic surfactants
c) Cationic surfactants
d) Amphoteric surfactants
Answer: b) Non-ionic surfactants
Q28. Which of the following is used as a defoaming agent in pharmaceuticals?
a) Simethicone
b) Sodium lauryl sulfate
c) Tween 80
d) Cetrimide
Answer: a) Simethicone
Q29. What effect does an increase in surfactant concentration have on foaming?
a) Decreases foaming
b) Increases foaming
c) No change in foaming
d) Increases then decreases at CMC
Answer: d) Increases then decreases at CMC
Q30. Which of the following surfactants is commonly used in oral pharmaceutical preparations?
a) Sodium dodecyl sulfate
b) Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)
c) Span 20
d) Cetrimide
Answer: b) Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)
Q31. In which dosage form is a wetting agent most crucial?
a) Tablets
b) Suspensions
c) Capsules
d) Solutions
Answer: b) Suspensions
Q32. Which is the main purpose of surfactants in pharmaceutical creams?
a) Act as thickeners
b) Improve spreadability and absorption
c) Enhance color
d) Act as preservatives
Answer: b) Improve spreadability and absorption
Q33. Which substance would act as a good wetting agent in pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) Sodium lauryl sulfate
b) Magnesium stearate
c) Talc
d) Starch
Answer: a) Sodium lauryl sulfate
Q34. A high contact angle between a liquid and solid indicates:
a) Poor wetting
b) Excellent wetting
c) Neutral wetting
d) Uniform spreading
Answer: a) Poor wetting
Q35. The Young equation relates:
a) Surface tension, temperature, and pressure
b) Surface tension, contact angle, and interfacial tension
c) Micelle formation and viscosity
d) Temperature, pressure, and vaporization
Answer: b) Surface tension, contact angle, and interfacial tension
Q36. Which adsorption isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface?
a) Freundlich isotherm
b) BET isotherm
c) Langmuir isotherm
d) Henry’s isotherm
Answer: c) Langmuir isotherm
Q37. What is the characteristic of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm?
a) It assumes multilayer adsorption
b) It applies to heterogeneous surfaces
c) It assumes uniform adsorption energy across the surface
d) It assumes irreversible adsorption
Answer: b) It applies to heterogeneous surfaces
Q38. Which equation represents the Langmuir isotherm model?
a) qe=KFCe1/nq_e = K_F C_e^{1/n}qe=KFCe1/n
b) qe=Q0KaCe1+KaCeq_e = \frac{Q_0 K_a C_e}{1 + K_a C_e}qe=1+KaCeQ0KaCe
c) qe=KCeq_e = \frac{K}{C_e}qe=CeK
d) qe=C0−Ceq_e = C_0 – C_eqe=C0−Ce
Answer: b) qe=Q0KaCe1+KaCeq_e = \frac{Q_0 K_a C_e}{1 + K_a C_e}qe=1+KaCeQ0KaCe
Q39. BET isotherm is suitable for:
a) Monolayer adsorption only
b) Multilayer adsorption
c) Chemical adsorption
d) Adsorption on a single active site
Answer: b) Multilayer adsorption
Q40. How does an increase in temperature typically affect physical adsorption?
a) Increases adsorption
b) Decreases adsorption
c) No effect on adsorption
d) Completely stops adsorption
Answer: b) Decreases adsorption
Q41. Why does chemical adsorption often increase at higher temperatures?
a) Adsorbate molecules gain kinetic energy
b) Desorption is favored
c) Solvent viscosity decreases
d) Bond formation becomes irreversible
Answer: a) Adsorbate molecules gain kinetic energy
Q42. Which parameter indicates whether an adsorption reaction is endothermic or exothermic?
a) Activation energy
b) Free energy change (ΔG)
c) Enthalpy change (ΔH)
d) Entropy change (ΔS)
Answer: c) Enthalpy change (ΔH)
Q43. What is the HLB value range required for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions?
a) 3-6
b) 7-9
c) 8-18
d) 15-20
Answer: c) 8-18
Q44. How do you calculate the HLB value of a blend of two surfactants?
a) Add the individual HLB values
b) Use the weighted average of the two HLB values
c) Divide the HLB values by the total number of surfactants
d) Multiply the two HLB values
Answer: b) Use the weighted average of the two HLB values
Q45. Which surfactant has a higher HLB value?
a) Span 80
b) Sodium lauryl sulfate
c) Span 60
d) Cetyl alcohol
Answer: b) Sodium lauryl sulfate
Q46. What type of surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate?
a) Cationic
b) Anionic
c) Non-ionic
d) Amphoteric
Answer: b) Anionic
Q47. In detergency, which part of the surfactant interacts with dirt particles?
a) Polar head
b) Non-polar tail
c) Entire molecule
d) Ionized part only
Answer: b) Non-polar tail
Q48. Which HLB range is appropriate for detergents?
a) 1-4
b) 5-7
c) 13-16
d) 17-20
Answer: c) 13-16
Q49. What happens to surface tension when temperature increases?
a) Surface tension increases
b) Surface tension decreases
c) Surface tension remains constant
d) Surface tension oscillates
Answer: b) Surface tension decreases
Q50. Which equation expresses the spreading coefficient (S)?
a) S=Wa−WbS = W_a – W_bS=Wa−Wb
b) S=2γL−γLSS = 2 \gamma_L – \gamma_{LS}S=2γL−γLS
c) S=γS−(γL+γLS)S = \gamma_S – (\gamma_L + \gamma_{LS})S=γS−(γL+γLS)
d) S=P×AS = P \times AS=P×A
Answer: c) S=γS−(γL+γLS)S = \gamma_S – (\gamma_L + \gamma_{LS})S=γS−(γL+γLS)
Q51. What does a positive spreading coefficient indicate?
a) Spreading is not possible
b) Spreading will occur spontaneously
c) Interfacial tension is high
d) The adhesive force is weaker than cohesive force
Answer: b) Spreading will occur spontaneously
Also, Visit:
B. Pharma Previous Year Question Paper