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Table of Contents

Schizophrenia

Objective

At the end of this lecture, student will be able to

• Identify the symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Explain the etiology of schizophrenia

• Describe the symptoms associated with schizophrenia

• Discuss the mechanism involved the development of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex and enigmatic mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In this article, we will unravel the mysteries of schizophrenia, exploring its symptoms, etiology, associated manifestations, and the mechanisms behind its development.

Psychotic disorder

Severe mental disorder in which thinking and emotion are so impaired that the individual is seriously out of contact with reality

Disturbance that last for at least 6 months or longer including 1 month of delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech, behavior or negative symptom

Types of Schizophrenia

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• Small delusions & hallucination

Dis organised/ Hebphrenic schizophrenia

• Confused & disorganized pattern of speech, thought & behavior

Catatonic schizophrenia

• Abnormal posture & movement

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Residual schizophrenia

• No severity of symptoms

Symptoms in Schizophrenia

• Positive symptoms

Excesses / bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions or behaviors

• Negative symptoms

Deficits in normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors

• Cognitive dysfunction

Abnormalities in attention, working memory and executive function

Positive Symptoms

• Distortions or excesses of normal functioning

– Delusions

– Hallucinations

– Disorganized thinking and speech

– Inappropriate affect

• Positive symptoms are generally more responsive to treatment than negative symptoms

Negative Symptoms

• Introvert behaviour

• Thought disorder with irrational conclusion

• Garbled sentences

• Lack of motivation

• Poor socialization

• Emotional blunting

Types of Negative Symptoms

• Poverty of speech or Alogia

• Blunted and flat affect or Flat affect

• Loss of volition or Avolition

• Social withdrawal or Anhedonia

• Psychomotor symptoms or Catatonia

Symptoms-in-Schizophrenia, Symptoms-of-Schizophrenia,

Etiology of Schizophrenia

• Genetics

• Imbalance of neurotransmitter in brain

• Brain damage

• Environmental influence

• Viral attack

Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

• From dopaminergic symptoms

• Dopamine – inhibitory NT

• Precursor for adrenaline & NA

• Dopamine pathway involved in schizophrenia

– Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

– Mesocortic pathway

– Nigrastriatal pathway

• Increased activity of nigrostriatal region & mesolimbic

• Decreased activity of mesocortical tract

• Overfiring of neurons

• Hallucinations

• Serotonergic pathway also involved

Summary

• Severe mental disorder in which thinking and emotion are so impaired that the individual is seriously out of contact with reality

• Symptoms of schizophrenia are categorized as primary, secondary and cognitive dysfunction

• Pathogenesis of schizophrenia is due to the imbalance and over excitation of certain NT

FAQs

Q1: Is schizophrenia curable?

Schizophrenia is not curable, but it can be managed effectively with medication, therapy, and support.

Q2: Can schizophrenia be passed down through generations?

There is a genetic component to schizophrenia, and a family history of the disorder increases the risk.

Q3: Are all people with schizophrenia violent?

No, the majority of individuals with schizophrenia are not violent. Violent behavior is more often associated with factors such as substance abuse and a history of violence.

Q4: What are the available treatments for schizophrenia?

Treatment options include antipsychotic medications, therapy, and support programs tailored to the individual’s needs.

Q5: Can someone with schizophrenia lead a productive life?

Yes, many individuals with schizophrenia can lead fulfilling and productive lives with the appropriate treatment and support.

Q6: Can schizophrenia develop at any age?

Schizophrenia most commonly emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, but it can develop at any age, including childhood or later in life. Early-onset schizophrenia tends to be more severe, while late-onset cases are often associated with other medical conditions.

Q7: Are there different types of schizophrenia?

Yes, there are several subtypes of schizophrenia, including paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual. Each subtype has specific features and symptom patterns.

Q8: What is the role of family support in managing schizophrenia?

Family support is crucial for individuals with schizophrenia. Loved ones can provide emotional support, help with medication management, and encourage therapy and treatment adherence. Family education programs are available to equip relatives with knowledge and coping strategies.

Q9: Can schizophrenia be misdiagnosed as other mental health conditions?

Yes, schizophrenia can be misdiagnosed, as its symptoms can overlap with other mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. A thorough evaluation by a mental health professional is essential for an accurate diagnosis.

Q10: What is the outlook for individuals with schizophrenia?

The prognosis for individuals with schizophrenia varies. With early diagnosis and effective treatment, many people can lead meaningful lives. However, the course of the illness is unpredictable, and some individuals may experience recurrent episodes or long-term disability. Regular follow-up with a mental health provider is essential for managing the condition.

Q11: Can substance abuse worsen schizophrenia symptoms?

Yes, substance abuse, particularly with drugs like cannabis and stimulants, can exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia and make treatment less effective. It’s essential for individuals with schizophrenia to avoid drug and alcohol misuse.

Q12: What is the role of therapy in treating schizophrenia?

Therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and supportive therapy, can be valuable in helping individuals with schizophrenia manage their symptoms, improve social skills, and enhance their quality of life. Therapy can complement medication and provide coping strategies.

Q13: Can people with schizophrenia work or attend school?

Many individuals with schizophrenia can pursue employment or education, depending on the severity of their symptoms and the effectiveness of their treatment. Supported employment and education programs can offer valuable assistance to those seeking to engage in work or school activities.

Q14: What is the impact of schizophrenia on relationships?

Schizophrenia can strain relationships due to the challenges posed by the disorder. Open communication, empathy, and family therapy can help maintain healthy relationships and support for the individual with schizophrenia.

Q15: How can I support a loved one with schizophrenia?

Supporting a loved one with schizophrenia involves educating yourself about the disorder, offering emotional support, encouraging them to adhere to treatment, and participating in their care plan. Joining support groups for families and caregivers can also provide valuable guidance and a sense of community.