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Structure and Uses of Alcohols

Learning Objectives

At the end of this
lecture, student will be able to

• Write the structure and uses of alcohols

Structure and Uses of Alcohols

The structure of alcohols is characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH), which consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. This hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom, and the carbon atom can be part of a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain. The type of alcohol is determined by the nature of the hydrocarbon group to which the hydroxyl group is attached.

Classification of Alcohols

Alcohols can be classified into three main categories based on the nature of the hydrocarbon group:

Primary Alcohols: In primary alcohols, the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached is bonded to only one other carbon atom.
Secondary Alcohols: Secondary alcohols have the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms.
Tertiary Alcohols: Tertiary alcohols feature the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms.

The general structural formula for these three types of alcohols is as follows:

Primary Alcohol: R-CH2OH
Secondary Alcohol: R-CHR’-OH
Tertiary Alcohol: R-CR’R”-OH

Here, R, R’, and R” represent hydrocarbon groups, which can be alkyl or aryl groups.

Uses of Alcohols

Alcohols have a wide range of applications in various industries and everyday life. Some of the most common uses of alcohols include:

1. Solvents

Alcohols are widely used as solvents in chemical processes and industries. They can dissolve a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, making them essential in the production of paints, varnishes, and pharmaceuticals.

2. Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Alcohols, particularly ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, are effective disinfectants and antiseptics. They are used for sanitizing surfaces, medical equipment, and as hand sanitizers to kill bacteria and viruses.

3. Fuel

Ethanol, a type of alcohol, is used as an alternative or additive in gasoline. It is considered a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel source.

4. Beverages

Alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, and spirits are made through the fermentation of sugars by yeast, resulting in the production of ethanol. These beverages are enjoyed worldwide for their recreational and social aspects.

5. Pharmaceuticals

Some alcohols are used in the pharmaceutical industry to formulate medications and drugs. They serve as carriers for certain active ingredients.

6. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products

Alcohols are commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products such as perfumes, lotions, and hair sprays. They act as carriers for fragrances and provide a quick-drying effect.