Diabetes Mellitus – B. Pharma 2nd Semester Pathophysiology notes pdf

Diabetes
Mellitus

Contents

       Diabetes
Mellitus

       Normal
insulin physiology

       Type I
Diabetes Mellitus

       Type II
Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives
 

At the end of this PDF Notes, student will be able to

         Define the term “Diabetes Mellitus”

         Classify Diabetes mellitus

        Describe the normal physiology of Insulin

         Explain the etio-pathogenesis of type I DM

         Explain the etio – pathogenesis if type II DM

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

       Chronic
metabolic disorder

       Characterized
by hyperglycemia due to deficiency of insulin or defective response of tissues
to insulin

Classification
of Diabetes Mellitus

Primary (idiopathic) DM

       Primary
disorder by itself

       Type
– I (Insulin dependent DM/ IDDM)

       Type
– II (Non- Insulin dependent DM/NIDDM)

Secondary DM

       Due
to identifiable cause – pancreatitis, endocrine disorder

       Gets
corrected/ reversed when primary disorder is controlled

Etio-pathogenesis
of 
Diabetes Mellitus

Normal Insulin
Physiology

Regulated by 3
processes

       Glucose production by liver

       Uptake and utilization of glucose by
peripheral tissues

       Insulin secretion

Normal
Insulin Physiology

       Pre
proinsulin – precursor for insulin

       Synthesized
from insulin mRNA in rough ER of pancreatic β cells

       Delivered
to golgi complex

       Series
of proteolytic cleavage

       Pre
proinsulin to pro insulin

       Finally
to  mature insulin + C- peptide

       Mature
insulin + C- peptide – stored in equimolar concentration in secretory granules

       Glucose
– important stimulus that triggers the syntheis & release of insulin

       Glucose
taken up by pancreatic β
cells through GLUT-2

       Immediate
release of insulin

       Phase
I of insulin secretion

       Released
insulin is taken up by the insulin receptors present on the surface of tissues

       Series
of intracellular reactions

       Activation
of insulin dependent GLUT 4 transporter

       Uptake
of glucose

Any defects in the above steps – Diabetes mellitus

Action of Insulin




















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