Importance of Instrumental Methods in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Objectives
of this session
After this session
student will be able to
• Identify
the different stages of drug development and formulation development and
clinical usage where analytical methods are to be applied.
• Outline
the advantages of Instrumental methods over conventional methods of analysis.
• List
the different instrumental methods used in Pharmaceutical Analysis.
Analysis in
Drug Development Process
Analysis in various
steps involved in Formulation Development
Pharmacopoeial
Standards
v
Objective, public standards of quality for medicines
and formulated preparations
•
Assay
Standards
•
Qualitative
tests for purity
•
Semi
quantitative tests for purity
•
Quantitative
tests for purity
Instrumental
Methods of Analysis
•
Spectroscopy
Measures the interaction of the
molecules/ atoms with electromagnetic radiation.
Ø
atomic absorption spectroscopy,
Ø
atomic emission spectroscopy,
Ø
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,
Ø
x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,
Ø
infrared spectroscopy,
Ø
Raman spectroscopy,
Ø
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
Ø
photoemission spectroscopy,
Ø
Mössbauer spectroscopy,
Ø
Circular dichroism spectroscopy,
•
Mass spectrometry:
Measures mass-to-charge ratio of
molecules using electric and magnetic fields
Ø
electron
ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment,
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Ø
magnetic-sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, quadrupole
ion trap, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
Crystallography: A technique that
characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level.
•
The diffraction
patterns of electromagnetic radiation or particles deflected by atoms in the
material.
•
Most commonly
used: X-rays .
•
Relative placement of atoms in space
Electrochemical analytical Methods:
Measure the electric potential in volts and/or the electric current in
amps in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte
•
Potentiometry
(the difference in electrode potentials is measured)
•
Coulometry (the cell’s current is measured over time)
•
Voltammetry (the cell’s current is measured while
actively altering the cell’s potential)
Thermal analysis
•
Measure the interaction
of a material and heat
•
Calorimetry and Thermo gravimetric analysis
Separation Techniques
•
Decrease the complexity of material mixtures.
•
Chromatography and electrophoresis.
Hybrid techniques
•
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
•
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
•
Liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (LC-IR)
•
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS)
•
Capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet-visible
spectroscopy (CE-UV)
•
Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry
•
Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer
Microscopy
•
The visualization of single molecules, single
biological cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials
•
Optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning
probe microscopy.
•
Combination with other traditional analytical tools
Lab-on-a-chip
•
Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions
on a single chip (Microfluidics)
Summary
•
Analytical
Methods are required at different stages of drug development, formulation development as well
as in clinical use
•
Instrumental
Methods of Analysis find place in every aspect of Pharmaceutical production and
product development which involves clinical studies and also in routine
clinical usage to monitor patient’s response to treatment
•
Instrumental
methods include Spectroscopic methods, electrochemical methods and
chromatographic methods
